This new CPB states that (i) allogeneic (ablative and non-myeloablative) stem cell transplantation is considered medically necessary for individuals with intermediate-risk or high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), and who have not responded to prior therapy and have an available human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-matched donor, (ii) a repeat allogeneic (ablative or non-myeloablative) stem cell transplantation is considered medically necessary for individuals with intermediate-risk or high-risk MDS due to primary graft failure or failure to engraft, and (iii) autologous stem cell transplantation is considered experimental and investigational for individuals with MDS because the effectiveness of this approach for this indication has not been established.